PARIS (AP) 鈥� Jean-Marie Le Pen, the founder of France鈥檚 far-right National Front who was known for fiery rhetoric against immigration and multiculturalism that earned him both staunch supporters and widespread condemnation, died Tuesday. He was 96.
One of the most polarizing figures in , Le Pen made Islam and Muslim immigrants his primary target, blaming them for economic and social woes. He also repeatedly denied the Holocaust and was convicted multiple times of antisemitism, discrimination and inciting racial violence.
Despite those convictions and eventually being politically ostracized, the nativist ideas that propelled his decades of popularity 鈥� encapsulated in slogans like 鈥淔rench People First鈥� 鈥� are ascendant in today鈥檚 France, across Europe and beyond.
Le Pen 鈥� who reached the second round of the 2002 presidential election that Jacques Chirac went on to win in a landslide 鈥� was eventually estranged from his daughter Marine Le Pen. She renamed his National Front party, ousted him and transformed it into one of France鈥檚 while distancing herself from her father.
Jordan Bardella, president of the National Rally, as the party is now known, confirmed Le Pen鈥檚 death in a post on social media platform X. Bardella鈥檚 unusually warm tribute described Le Pen as a 鈥渧oice of the people鈥� who 鈥渁lways served France."
The post appeared to blur the boundary the rebranded party had sought to establish between its firebrand founder and its more polished direction under Marine Le Pen.
President Emmanuel Macron, a centrist, offered his condolences to Le Pen's family and friends in an uncharacteristically short statement issued by the presidential palace.
鈥淎 historic figure of the far right, he played a role in the public life of our country for almost 70 years, which is now a matter for history to judge,鈥� the statement read.
Marine Le Pen, thousands of kilometers (miles) away in the French territory of Mayotte, was inspecting the aftermath of destructive Cyclone Chido when her father died.
His death came at a crucial time for his daughter. She is considered a leading potential contender for the next presidential election in 2027, if she鈥檚 not banned from running for office in .
A former paratrooper and Foreign Legionnaire who fought to maintain French colonial rule in Indochina and Algeria, Jean-Marie Le Pen was a wily political strategist and gifted orator who used his charisma to captivate crowds.
鈥淚f I advance, follow me; if I die, avenge me; if I shirk, kill me,鈥� Le Pen said at a 1990 party congress, reflecting the theatrical style that for decades fed the fervor of followers.
The portly, silver-haired son of a Breton fisherman viewed himself as a man with a mission 鈥� to keep France French under the banner of the National Front.
His statements 鈥� including Holocaust denial, racist denunciations of Muslims and immigrants, and a proposal to round up people with AIDS 鈥� shocked his critics and strained his political alliances. Le Pen routinely countered that he was simply a patriot protecting the identity of 鈥渆ternal France.鈥�
Le Pen, who lost his left eye in 1965 while hammering a tent stake, for years wore a black eye patch that became a symbol of his combative persona. He was a constant force in French political life, impossible for politicians on the left or right to ignore, and proved the spoiler in election after election, forcing rivals to scramble to counter him.
Today, the National Rally, the successor to the party he founded, has not only solidified its presence in French politics but also pushed Macron to the right on security and immigration, reflecting a broader shift in the political landscape.
Le Pen was repeatedly convicted for his remarks, notably in 1990 for a comment made three years earlier in which he referred to the Nazi gas chambers as a 鈥渄etail in World War II history.鈥� In 2015, he repeated the remark, saying he 鈥渄id not at all鈥� regret it, triggering the ire of his daughter 鈥� by then the party leader 鈥� and a new conviction in 2016.
He also was convicted for a 1988 remark linking in a play on words a Cabinet minister with the Nazi crematory ovens, and for a 1989 comment blaming the 鈥淛ewish international鈥� for helping seed 鈥渢his anti-national spirit.鈥�
Le Pen lost his European Parliament seat in 2002 for a year for assaulting a Socialist politician during a 1997 election campaign.
More recently, Le Pen and 26 National Front officials, including his daughters Marine and Yann Le Pen, have been accused of using money destined for EU parliamentary aides to pay staff who instead did political work for the party between 2004 and 2016, in violation of the 27-nation bloc鈥檚 regulations.
Jean-Marie Le Pen was deemed unfit to testify and eventually exempted from prosecution on health grounds.
He was born June 20, 1928, in the Brittany village of Trinite-Sur-Mer. His father later died in World War II.
Le Pen was attracted early to the extreme right. After completing law and political science degrees, he made his way to Paris, and at 27 became the youngest lawmaker in the National Assembly under the banner of the Union for the Defense of Shopkeepers and Artisans.
In 1963, he and Leon Gaultier, who served in the Waffen SS under the Nazis, founded a company, SERP, that churned out political discourses. With the neo-fascist group New Order, Le Pen founded the National Front on Oct. 5, 1972.
It would take more than a decade for the party to emerge as a political force 鈥� in a September 1983 municipal election when Jean-Pierre Stirbois won 16.7% of the votes in the town of Dreux, west of Paris.
A year later, the party won enough votes in European parliamentary elections to seat 10 legislators. The party鈥檚 entry as a force in national politics came two years later in legislative elections that gave Le Pen鈥檚 party 35 seats in France鈥檚 National Assembly.
By then, Le Pen had begun polishing his scrappy image.
In 1988, he startled the nation by taking 14% of the vote in the first round of presidential elections. Fourteen years later, in his fifth bid for the presidency, he outdid that 鈥� scoring 16.8% 鈥� and reached the second-round runoff with Chirac.
France shuddered, Europe trembled and the National Front gloated. But a Le Pen victory was not to be. In a rare joining of forces, supporters of the right and left poured into the streets of France in a massive show of solidarity against him. On May 5, 2002, Chirac was returned to office with a record 82% of the vote.
His private life was tumultuous.
An explosion destroyed the family apartment building in 1976 but injured neither Le Pen nor his wife or three children.
The French media relished recounting Le Pen鈥檚 divorce saga from Pierrette Lalanne. In a reflection of that bitter separation, she famously posed for Playboy in 1987, partly dressed in a risque maid鈥檚 costume. The magazine quoted her as saying she was responding to her husband鈥檚 Playboy interview in which he said she could become a housekeeper if she needed money.
He married for a second time in 1991, to Jeanne-Marie Paschos, known as Jany.
Le Pen began laying the groundwork for his succession at a party congress in 2003, naming Marine 鈥� the youngest of his three daughters 鈥� to the post of vice president. In 2011, she became party president and in 2017 and 2022 reached the presidential runoff herself. Both times she lost to the centrist Macron, but with a shrinking margin.
Her and attempts to distance the party from the most extreme of his views soon brought her into conflict with her father. His refusal to desist from antisemitic provocations clashed with her bid to rid the National Front of its pariah status.
She removed him in 2015 and three years later stripped him of his title of honorary president-for-life. A few months later, she changed the National Front name to National Rally as part of her strategy to renew the party鈥檚 image.
Her father called it the 鈥渢oughest blow鈥� the party had faced since its founding.
Throughout his life, Jean-Marie Le Pen refused to cede or be silenced.
鈥淚鈥檓 a moral authority for the movement ... and I don鈥檛 have the habit of keeping my opinions to myself,鈥� Le Pen told AP in 2014.
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Ganley, who retired from The Associated Press in 2024, contributed to this report.
Thomas Adamson, Sylvie Corbet And Elaine Ganley, The Associated Press
