GENEVA (AP) 鈥� increasingly relies on electronic surveillance and the public to inform on women refusing to wear the country's mandatory headscarf in public, even as , a United Nations report released Friday found.
The findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran come after it determined last year that the country's theocracy was responsible for the 鈥減hysical violence鈥� that led to the death of . Her death led to nationwide protests against the country鈥檚 mandatory hijab laws and the public disobedience against them that continues even today, despite .
鈥淭wo and a half years after the protests began in September 2022, women and girls in Iran continue to face systematic discrimination, in law and in practice, that permeates all aspects of their lives, particularly with respect to the enforcement of the mandatory hijab,鈥� the report said.
鈥淭he state is increasingly reliant on state-sponsored vigilantism in an apparent effort to enlist businesses and private individuals in hijab compliance, portraying it as a civic responsibility.鈥�
Iran's mission to the U.N. in New York did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the findings of the 20-page report.
Drones, surveillance cameras monitor women
In it, U.N. investigators outline how Iran increasingly relies on electronic surveillance. Among the efforts include Iranian officials deploying 鈥渁erial drone surveillance鈥� to monitor women in public places. At Tehran's Amirkabir University, authorities installed facial recognition software at its entrance gate to also find women not wearing the hijab, it said.
Surveillance cameras on Iran's major roadways also are believed to be involved in searching for uncovered women. U.N. investigators said they obtained the 鈥淣azer鈥� mobile phone app offered by Iranian police, which allows the public to report on uncovered women in vehicles, including ambulances, buses, metro cars and taxis.
鈥淯sers may add the location, date, time and the license plate number of the vehicle in which the alleged mandatory hijab infraction occurred, which then 鈥榝lags鈥� the vehicle online, alerting the police,鈥� the report said. 鈥淚t then triggers a text message (in real-time) to the registered owner of the vehicle, warning them that they had been found in violation of the mandatory hijab laws, and that their vehicles would be impounded for ignoring these warnings.鈥�
Those text messages have led to dangerous situations. In July 2024, who activists say had received such a message and was fleeing a checkpoint near the Caspian Sea.
Tensions remain after 2022 death of Mahsa Amini
Amini鈥檚 death sparked months of protests and a security crackdown that killed more than 500 people and led to the detention of more than 22,000. After the mass demonstrations, police dialed down enforcement of hijab laws, but it ramped up again in April 2024 under what authorities called the Noor 鈥� or 鈥淟ight鈥� 鈥� Plan. At least 618 women have been arrested under the Noor Plan, the U.N. investigators said, citing a local human rights activist group in Iran.
Meanwhile, Iran executed at least 938 people last year, a threefold increase from 2021, the U.N. said. While many were convicted of drug charges, the report said the executions 鈥渋ndicate a nexus with in this period.鈥�
As Iran continues its crackdown over the hijab, it also faces an economic crisis over U.S. sanctions due to its rapidly advancing nuclear program. While , Iran has yet to respond to . Social unrest, coupled with the economic woes, remain a concern for Iran's theocracy.
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Gambrell reported from Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Jamey Keaten And Jon Gambrell, The Associated Press
