HELENA, Mont. (AP) 鈥� Following Montana Republicans' overwhelming dominance in the fall election, a group of GOP lawmakers kicked off the 2025 Legislature with an unexpected move: ceding power to Democrats.
The minority took full advantage, remaking legislative committees and banding with a handful of moderate Republicans to thwart GOP leaders' efforts to make Montana鈥檚 judicial system more partisan. Similar alliances bolstered expansion, raised teacher pay and passed a state budget increase that includes investments in health care.
The partnership seems to defy divisions between America's two major political parties that have played out in Washington, D.C., and in many statehouses. But it may prove fleeting if elections in the Big Sky State continue mirroring national trends that have hardened party lines. Montana's conservative and moderate Republicans alike express allegiance to President Donald Trump.
Lawmakers meet for just a few months every two years inside Montana鈥檚 Capitol, perched on a hill overlooking Helena, a city of about 35,000 people founded during an 1864 gold rush. It remains a true citizen legislature, opening the playing field for compromise, said political analyst Jeremy Johnson.
鈥淢ontana鈥檚 becoming an outlier on how a state legislature is operating with this sort of dynamic,鈥� said Johnson, an associate professor at Carroll College.
A 'weird' session for Republicans
As the 2025 session wraps up, possibly as soon as Wednesday, GOP legislative leaders are frustrated at their failure to remodel the state鈥檚 judiciary and rein in spending.
Republicans did band together to impose more and pass an income tax cut Democrats decried as a handout to the wealthy. But conservative Republicans frequently found themselves sidelined as their moderate colleagues hammered out deals with Democrats on health care, education, property taxes and other mainstays of government, effectively forming a new majority.
Republican Senate President Matt Regier repeatedly called the turn of events 鈥渨eird.鈥�
鈥淭here鈥檚 always politics. You鈥檙e jockeying for control,鈥� Regier said in an interview. 鈥淏ut I think at the end of the day, what鈥檚 weird about it is that I think the conservative faction has been largely left out of conversations, left out of a seat at the table.鈥�
Moderates unbowed by rebukes
Republican leaders tried to shame party members they viewed as defectors, censuring nine senators in February. In April, the party declared it would no longer recognize those lawmakers as Republicans and would stop funding or otherwise supporting their campaigns.
The senators were unbowed and have continued to side with Democrats on key votes.
鈥淩eally all we did is make sure everybody was treated fairly,鈥� said Sen. Josh Kassmier, one of the nine lawmakers.
They're not alone in bucking party leadership: The defeat of Republican proposals to make Montana's judicial system more partisan came in the state House, where GOP moderates hold sway.
Libertarian tendencies that transcend party
Moderates have gotten some political cover from Republican , who has appeared with them at public events. 鈥淓very single person who was elected to the Legislature is representing their constituents,鈥� Gianforte replied when asked if party infighting was squandering its mandate from voters.
Senate Minority Leader Pat Flowers said Montana's embrace of libertarianism 鈥� as seen in its aversion to big government and its tradition of gun ownership 鈥� transcends party lines.
Montanans "don鈥檛 want just hyperpartisan battles where there are winners and losers, because then there are winners and losers among our citizens too,鈥� Flowers said.
Nationwide, Republicans control both legislative chambers in 27 states, versus 17 for Democrats. Republicans have held more statehouse seats and chambers than Democrats since 2002, and the political lines have become more static in the last several election cycles with fewer chambers flipping control, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
But in states with partisan control, factions often emerge.
In Wyoming, the ultra-conservative Freedom Caucus of Republicans holds its and passed substantial property tax cuts and bans on diversity programs this year. Its members' differences with mainstream Republicans have become more consequential than those between Republicans and the state鈥檚 few Democrats.
In states like Oklahoma and , mainstream Republicans still hold majorities but fend off challenges from both the left and the far-right.
A tradition of bipartisanship
Until recently, Montana had a tradition of 鈥渢icket splitting鈥� 鈥� electing a mix of Democrats and Republicans to higher office. That forced state lawmakers to work together out of necessity.
Both parties joined this year to establish an Indigenous People鈥檚 Day in Montana, finding compromise after a decade of failed attempts. In contrast, said this week that he would not follow his predecessor鈥檚 practice of recognizing Indigenous People鈥檚 Day nationally.
鈥淓very legislative session I鈥檝e asked myself, 鈥楢re we going to see this bipartisan effort, particularly without having a Democratic governor anymore?鈥�" said Johnson, referring to former Gov. Steve Bullock, who left office in 2021 after serving two terms. "And, so far, the answer is yes. You have this group that keeps reemerging. I don鈥檛 know how much longer it will keep happening that way.鈥�
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Schoenbaum reported from Salt Lake City.
Matthew Brown And Hannah Schoenbaum, The Associated Press
