HAVANA (AP) 鈥� From a two-room concrete home on the fringes of Cuba鈥檚 capital, the rumble of wooden drums spills out onto the streets.
Neighbors gather at the door and kids climb a fence to peer inside. They watch as dozens of Cubans wearing white and African beads make offerings at a bright blue altar consuming half a room, asking for luck, protection and good health.
While nearly 70% of Latin America鈥檚 670 million people consider themselves Catholic, in Cuba, Santer铆a is the name of the game.
A fusion of African religions and Catholicism, Santer铆a was one of the few religious practices to quietly endure through decades of prohibitions and stigma by the communist government.
Now, as that stigma gradually fades and the country enters a moment of compounding economic, political and migratory crises, the religion is growing in popularity and expanding to new demographics.
鈥淓very day the religion grows a little more,鈥� Mandy Arrazcaeta, 30, said among the throngs of people in his home dancing and making offerings at the altar to a plastic doll depicting the Yoruba deity Yemay谩. 鈥淩ight now, Santer铆a in the country is a sort of bastion.鈥�
Santer铆a was born as a form of quiet resistance among the island's Black communities. The religion dates back centuries to when Spanish colonists brought in hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans.
While the Spanish tried to force Catholicism on these enslaved people, the Africans brought their own religions, mostly from West Africa, which they would camouflage by attaching their deities 鈥� orishas 鈥� to Catholic saints.
Cuba鈥檚 patron saint, Our Lady of Charity, for example, blended with the golden deity, Oshun.
鈥淚t would mix and mix ... through this Catholic virgin, they would speak to their African saints,鈥� explained Roberto Zurbano, a Cuban cultural critic. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 how the religion was able to survive.鈥�
While there are hundreds of orishas in Santer铆a, practitioners known as santeros usually worship only a handful, connecting with them through rituals and offerings.
On one Friday night, Arrazcaeta, family and friends splay out offerings of coconut and red Cuban pesos emblazoned with the face of Che Guevara, sacrificing two chickens over bowls filled with rocks and seashells. In exchange, they ask for good health, strength during hardship, and even luck in love.
鈥淚t鈥檚 something that鈥檚 very Cuban, something spontaneous that we do. Because we know the struggles we face in this country,鈥� Arrazcaeta said.
Millions worldwide are estimated to practice Santer铆a, though definitive numbers 鈥� especially in Cuba 鈥� are hard to pin down due to the religion's informal nature. The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom estimates 70% in Cuba practice some version of Santeria or similar African-based religions.
What is clear in the altars dotting homes across the island and the many Cubans in Havana cloaked in white 鈥� worn by santeros their first year after converting to represent rebirth 鈥� is that Santer铆a has captured the Cuban consciousness.
Following the Cuban revolution in the 1950s, Fidel Castro dismantled religious structures and expelled the priests who criticized his government. Religion, famously described by communist philosopher Karl Marx as 鈥渢he opium of the people," was strictly prohibited.
Catholicism, highly dependent on meeting in churches and on hierarchy, withered.
Meanwhile, Santer铆a practitioners pulled from the same tools they used to survive in earlier centuries.
鈥淧eople did believe, but you couldn鈥檛 say anything because it was politically prohibited by Marxism. All that did was strengthen Afro-religious faiths in very closed circles,鈥� Zurbano said. 鈥淭hey would keep it a secret, keep their religiosity to themselves.鈥�
Zurbano鈥檚 family would quietly perform rituals inside their home and divide ceremonies that once would last a week into smaller two-day chunks to avoid alerting authorities. Some adherents secretly wore religious garb under street clothes.
Katrin Hansing, an anthropologist in Cuba for City University New York, said Santer铆a endured because of its flexibility, and because of its perceived utility in assuring good health in exchange for offerings.
In the 1990s when Cuba's main ally, the Soviet Union, collapsed and the island spiraled into economic crisis, many Cubans found solace in Santer铆a.
The Cuban government has accepted it, but the officially authorized ceremonies remain practically deserted, as islanders prefer celebrations in more informal settings such as Arrazcaeta鈥檚 home.
鈥淚t鈥檚 incredibly resilient as a religious system,鈥� Hansing said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 so decentralized and it allows the individual believer or practitioner to make it what they need it to be."
Santer铆a is once again seeing a surge, and expanding past historically impoverished Black communities.
Arrazcaeta, a white Cuban and member of the LGBTQ+ community, found refuge in the religion when he was 12. Once an Evangelical Christian, he said he felt rejected by members of that religion for being gay.
鈥淚 never fit in that religion,鈥� Arrazcaeta said. 鈥淚 liked that Santeria doesn鈥檛 obligate anyone to fit into a model.鈥�
As a teenager, he began putting glasses of water around the house, as offerings to orishas. His mother, Maritza de la Rosa Perdomo, would throw the water out, saying there was no place for religion in her home.
That changed three years ago, when Arrazcaeta joined a wave of Cubans in embarking on a journey to the U.S., traversing the perilous jungles of the Darien Gap.
When Arrazcaeta went missing for seven days in the jungle, the first thing Perdomo did was put out an offering.
鈥淚 began to beg for my son, I said I needed to hear from him, to know that he was alive. I was begging with my whole heart,鈥� Perdomo said.
When she received a call from him shortly after, she decided to join the religion alongside her children.
鈥淎 religion that used to be, you know, dominantly practiced by descendants of Africans or people of African descent has now become a multiracial religion in Cuba,鈥� Hansing said. 鈥淪anter铆a has grown enormously.鈥�
But for each practitioner, Santer铆a means something different.
For Arrazcaeta, who nowadays travels between Cuba and work in Florida as an Uber driver, Santer铆a is a spiritual experience. For Perdomo, it鈥檚 a way of seeking good health. For both, it鈥檚 a way to stay connected with the other an ocean away.
鈥淭oday, the entire country is dressed in white,鈥� Perdomo said.
Associated Press, The Associated Press
